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ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) ISRO ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organization, is a leading space agency that has made significant contributions to space research and technology over the years. To provide a comprehensive study material on ISRO, we can discuss its history, organization, and notable achievements. History of ISRO: ISRO was founded in 1969, with the primary objective of developing a space program in India. The organization was formed by merging the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) and the Space Science and Technology Centre (SSTC). Organization of ISRO: ISRO is headquartered in Bengaluru, India, and has various centers located throughout the country. These centers are responsible for research and development, launch vehicle development, satellite development, and other activities related to the space program. The primary centers of ISRO are: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) - located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, is responsible fo

World Human Rights Commission

World Human Rights Commission World Human Rights commission The World Human Rights Commission is not a specific organization or body, but rather a term that may refer to a number of different entities involved in promoting and protecting human rights at the global level. Here is some information on the most prominent organizations and bodies that could be considered part of the World Human Rights Commission: United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC): The UNHRC is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations system responsible for promoting and protecting human rights around the world. The council is made up of 47 member states elected by the UN General Assembly and is responsible for monitoring human rights situations in various countries, promoting human rights education, and making recommendations to member states on human rights issues. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR): The OHCHR is a part of the United Nations Secretariat and is re

NHRC (National Human Rights Commission in India)

NHRC (National Human Rights Commission in India) Human Rights commission in India The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India is an independent statutory body that was established under the Protection of Human Rights Act in 1993. It is responsible for promoting and protecting human rights in India, and has the power to investigate violations of human rights committed by public servants and government authorities. The NHRC is headquartered in New Delhi, and has regional offices in various cities across India. The Commission is headed by a Chairperson and consists of members who are appointed by the President of India. The Chairperson and members of the NHRC are selected from a pool of retired judges, civil servants, and experts in the field of human rights. The NHRC has several functions and powers, including: Investigating violations of human rights: The Commission has the power to investigate any violation of human rights, either suo motu or on a complaint received from a v

Mamangam Festival

Mamangam Festival Mamangam Mamangam is a historical festival that was celebrated in Kerala, India, for over 280 years. It is a festival that commemorates the bravery and sacrifice of the warriors who fought against the Zamorin rulers of Calicut in the 17th and 18th centuries. Here are some detailed study materials on Mamangam: History of Mamangam: The festival of Mamangam dates back to the 14th century when the Zamorin rulers of Calicut took control of the region. The festival was started as a way for the local rulers to showcase their power and strength, and to commemorate the bravery of the warriors who fought against the Zamorin rulers. Rituals of Mamangam: The Mamangam festival is celebrated every 12 years, and it involves a series of rituals and ceremonies that are steeped in tradition. The festival begins with the hoisting of the flag on the first day, followed by a procession of elephants, and a series of cultural performances. The Battle of Mamangam: The highlight of the Mam

Marthanda Varma

Marthanda Varma Marthanda Varma was a king of the Travancore Kingdom in present-day Kerala, India. He ruled from 1729 to 1758 and is considered one of the most prominent kings in the history of Kerala. Here is a detailed study material on Marthanda Varma: Marthanda Varma Early Life and Ascension to the Throne: Marthanda Varma was born in 1705 to the queen of Attingal in Travancore. His father, Raghava Varma, was the prince of Kilimanoor. Marthanda Varma was trained in martial arts and was a skilled fighter from a young age. He ascended to the throne in 1729 after the death of his uncle, King Rama Varma. Reforms and Policies: Marthanda Varma is known for his administrative and military reforms. He created a powerful army and defeated several neighboring kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Cochin and the Zamorin of Calicut. He also reformed the revenue system and introduced a new currency. Marthanda Varma was a patron of art and culture. He built several temples and encouraged the grow

Ganga River

Ganga River The Ganga (also known as the Ganges) is one of the major rivers of India and one of the longest in the world, flowing for 2,525 kilometers (1,569 miles) from the Himalayas in northern India to the Bay of Bengal in eastern India. Here are some details about the Ganga river: Ganga River Geographic location: The Ganga river originates from the Gangotri glacier in the state of Uttarakhand in northern India, and flows through the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Significance: The Ganga is considered to be a holy river by Hindus, and is worshipped as the goddess Ganga. It is also one of the most important rivers in India, providing water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use. Tributaries: The Ganga has several tributaries, including the Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, and Damodar rivers. Pollution: Despite its cultural and environmental importance, the Ganga is heavily polluted due to human activities, including se

Sree Narayana Guru

Sree Narayana Guru Sree Narayana Guru was a social reformer, philosopher, and spiritual leader from Kerala, India. He lived from 1856 to 1928 and is remembered for his contributions to the upliftment of the oppressed communities in Kerala, especially the Ezhavas. Here are some resources for studying Sree Narayana Guru: Sree Narayana Guru Sree Narayana Guru: His Life and Teachings by M.K. Sanu - This is a comprehensive biography of Sree Narayana Guru that covers his life and teachings in detail. Collected Works of Sree Narayana Guru - This is a collection of the writings and teachings of Sree Narayana Guru. It includes his poems, hymns, and philosophical writings. The Philosophy of Sree Narayana Guru by P.N. Kumaraswamy - This book explores the philosophy of Sree Narayana Guru and its relevance in the modern world. Sree Narayana Guru: A Social Critic by Velayudhan Panikkassery - This book examines Sree Narayana Guru's critique of the social and political structures of his time.

Government of India act 1935

Government of India act 1935 The Government of India Act 1935 was a significant constitutional reform enacted by the British Parliament, which sought to decentralize power in India and grant greater autonomy to its provinces. Here are some of the key features of the Act: Government of India act 1935 1. Federal Structure: The Act proposed a federal structure for India, consisting of provinces and princely states, with the central government in Delhi having limited powers over defence, foreign affairs, and communications. 2. Provincial Autonomy: The Act granted greater autonomy to the provinces, with each province having its own governor, legislative assembly, and cabinet responsible to the governor. The legislative assembly was to be elected on the basis of adult suffrage, subject to certain restrictions. 3. Diarchy: The Act introduced a system of 'diarchy' in the provinces, with certain departments such as education, health, and public works being transferred to elected m

INC (Indian National Congress),

Indian National Congress full details The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest and most prominent political parties in India. Founded in 1885, it played a key role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule and has been a major political force in post-independence India. Here is some detailed information on the Indian National Congress: Indian National Congress History: The Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885, by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, and other prominent Indian leaders. It was initially formed to serve as a platform for Indian political leaders to voice their concerns and grievances to the British colonial administration. In the early years, the Congress worked towards demanding greater representation for Indians in the civil services, legislative councils, and other spheres of public life. Over time, it began to demand self-rule for India and became the leading voice of India's freedom

Kunjali Marakkar: Historical Details.

Kunjali Marakkar: Historical Details Kunjali marakkar Kunjali Marakkar is a historical figure in Kerala, India, who was the naval chief of the Zamorin of Calicut during the 16th century. He is known for his role in defending the Malabar Coast against the Portuguese colonial forces. The story of Kunjali Marakkar has inspired numerous literary works, films, and television series. Here is some study material about Kunjali Marakkar: Kunjali marakkar Background: Kunjali Marakkar was born in the early 16th century in the port city of Kozhikode (formerly Calicut) in Kerala, India. He belonged to the Muslim community and his family had a long tradition of naval service to the Zamorin of Calicut. Early Life: Kunjali Marakkar was trained in naval warfare and became an expert in shipbuilding and navigation. He rose through the ranks of the naval forces and eventually became the chief of the fleet. Battles against Portuguese: During the 16th century, the Portuguese were expanding their colonial

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who played a crucial role in the Age of Exploration. Here is a comprehensive study material on Vasco da Gama: Vasco da Gama 1. Early Life: Vasco da Gama was born in Sines, Portugal, in 1469 or 1469. He was the third son of Estêvão da Gama, a nobleman who served as the governor of Sines, and Isabel Sodré, a wealthy woman from a noble family. Vasco da Gama was trained as a navigator and joined the Portuguese navy at a young age. 2. First Voyage to India: In 1497, King Manuel I of Portugal sent Vasco da Gama on an expedition to find a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama sailed with a fleet of four ships and about 170 men. After sailing down the west coast of Africa, Vasco da Gama crossed the Indian Ocean and reached the port of Calicut in India in May 1498. 3. Second Voyage to India: In 1502, Vasco da Gama was sent on a second voyage to India, this time as the commander of a fleet of 20 ships. His mission was to establi

Hortus Malabaricus

Hortus Malabaricus Hortus Malabaricus Full Details Hortus Malabaricus is a 17th century treatise on the medicinal plants of the Malabar region in Kerala, India. It was compiled by Dutch botanist Hendrik van Rheede and published in Amsterdam between 1678 and 1693. The work is considered one of the most comprehensive and authoritative works on the flora of the Indian subcontinent. Hortus Malabaricus The Hortus Malabaricus consists of 12 volumes, each containing detailed descriptions and illustrations of the plants found in the Malabar region. The text is written in Latin, with Malayalam and Konkani names of the plants, and the illustrations are done in watercolors by local artists. The work was commissioned by the Dutch East India Company, which had established a presence in the Malabar region in the early 17th century. Van Rheede, who was the Governor of the Dutch Malabar region from 1669 to 1676, undertook the project to document the rich flora of the region and to study the medic

Tipu Sultan

Tipu Sultan Tipu Sultan full detail Tipu Sultan was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, located in present-day Karnataka, India. He was born on November 20, 1750, and died on May 4, 1799. Tipu Sultan was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore, who had established himself as the ruler of Mysore in 1761. Tipu Sultan Early Life and Education: Tipu Sultan was born in Devanahalli, a town near Bangalore. He was educated in Islamic studies, Persian, Arabic, and Kannada. He was also trained in military tactics, sword fighting, and horse riding. Tipu Sultan was a quick learner and showed a keen interest in learning from a young age. Military Campaigns: Tipu Sultan was an able military commander and carried out several military campaigns during his reign. He fought against the British, Marathas, and Nizam of Hyderabad. In 1780, he fought against the British in the First Anglo-Mysore War. In 1782, he signed a treaty with the British, but in 1789, he fought against the British in the Sec

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